联合国维和人员性犯罪的刑事管辖障碍与改进建议

联合国维和人员性犯罪问题严重侵犯东道国受害者的人权并使联合国声誉受到重创。各管辖主体在对犯罪嫌疑人实际行使刑事管辖权时,存在诸多障碍:维和人员在东道国享有豁免;各国刑法在域外适用上的规定不同和派遣国主观上不愿对本国维和人员性犯罪行使管辖权;维和人员性犯罪难以被认定构成国际罪行;混合法庭须经东道国同意才能成立;维和人员性犯罪是否构成《罗马规约》中规定的国际罪行和受《罗马规约》约束的国家有限。改进建议包括:多方管辖权相互补充;成立对性剥削和性虐待作出快速反应的小组;起草《联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任公约草案》;联合国在东道国设立混合法庭;派遣国在东道国进行实地军事审判等。     

法治保障民营企业健康发展的痛点与进路

民营企业是我国社会主义市场经济最为广泛的活跃主体,具有不同于国营企业、外资企业、合资企业的特点,以法治保障民营企业健康发展成为改革开放40多年来中国特色社会主义市场经济的普遍共识。但是在实践中,囿于民营企业经济基础薄弱、竞争压力偏大、法治思维滞后等因素,一方面缺乏主动发挥法治保障民营企业健康发展的动因,另一方面缺乏积极有效法治保障民营企业健康发展的体系,亟需学界从法治规范体系、法治实施体系、法治保障体系和法治监督体系来探究法治保障民营企业健康发展的进路,切实发挥法治优化民营企业营商环境,维护民营企业合法权益,促进民营企业法治水平的提高。     

Determining Line-Crossing Sequences Between Laser Printing and Writing Pen Using Coaxial Light

Determining the application sequence of hand-written pen ink and printer toner lines has attracted significant interest in questioned document examination. This study uses coaxial light to determine line-crossing sequences, with intersections observed under a VSC600 forensic document workstation and a Leica M205A Stereo-microscope. Results show that reflected light at intersections and color contrast between intersections and nonintersections was observed when a hand-written ink line passes over a toner line, while a toner line passing over a written line appeared dull, with no color contrast. The procedure was tested under a range of conditions, such as types of writing pens and laser printers, the writer, and writing pressure, with the latter playing an important role in the evaluation. To validate the results, a 90% detection rate and 98% accuracy rate were achieved from 50 samples of blind testing, which is more effective than optical microscopy.     

Discrimination of phenethylamine regioisomers and structural analogues by Raman spectroscopy

In this study, the Raman spectra of 21 phenethylamines were obtained using far‐red excitation (785 nm). The distinguishing ability of Raman for phenethylamines, especially for phenethylamine regioisomers and structural analogues, was investigated. Here, the evaluation of a cross section of Raman spectra demonstrated that all types of phenethylamines were distinguishable, even for certain structural analogues with high spectrum similarity. Raman exhibited high distinguishing ability for phenethylamine regioisomers that differ in the substitution position of halogen, methoxy, alkyl, or other substituted groups; as well as for structural analogues containing different groups, such as furanyl, 2,3‐dihydrofuranyl, halogen, and alkyl substituted at the same position. The Raman spectra for homologues with differences in only a methyl group were found to be highly similar; however, their spectra demonstrated small but detectable differences. Four analogue mixtures and 59 seized samples were also analyzed to study the practical use of the Raman method in forensic field. 95% of the seized samples were correctly identified, which significantly validated the ability of Raman method in identifying the correct isomers. Accordingly, this study provides a non‐destructive, high‐throughput and minimal sample preparation technique for the discrimination of phenethylamines.     

多维视角下的高校党委领导下的校长负责制及实现路径

党委领导下的校长负责制作为我国高校现行领导体制,有着其制度变革的历史必然性,也有其合法性基础和深层次依据.历史实践和学理分析都可以证明,坚持党委领导下的校长负责制符合我国国情和高等教育发展规律,是高校改革发展稳定的必然要求.同时,鉴于高校党委领导下的校长负责制在贯彻落实存在的一些问题,我们需要在厘清党委领导下校长负责制的内涵逻辑基础上,从党委与行政、民主与集中、集体与分工三个层面对党委领导下的校长负责制加以科学认识,从党政领导选择、决策制度建设、学术权力参与、师生参与、外部监督督查等方面构建贯彻落实的有效路径.     

浅析安全生产法的亮点与瑕疵

全国人大常委会新近修改通过的《安全生产法》增加了以人为本这一关键词,使该法更趋严谨与科学。但同时该法原有的一些不足没有得以纠正。用以人为本、生命至上理念及安全第一、预防为主、综合治理、安全生产方针来衡量,在危及职工生命安全的紧急情况下,法律应当向工会赋权,组织职工撤离危险现场。毕竟这是紧急情况下,拯救职工生命的不二选择,也是安全第一、预防为主方针的应有之义。     

灵渠历史价值的重新定位与文化战略的民间实施

我国秦代有两项事关国家发展和民族安宁的伟大工程,即长城与灵渠。从文化特色上看,长城体现的是保守型的文化思维,而灵渠则借助运河的沟通,显示了中华文化的开拓性。这两项工程在两千多年的历史长河中,为推动中华文明的进步与繁荣均作出过卓越贡献。但是,今日之国人却多知有长城而鲜知有灵渠。不光是普通百姓对灵渠知之甚少,即便是理论界的一些专家学者能对灵渠做系统研究的也不多,故对其历史价值定位及文化开发,尚需进一步深入探讨并重新认识。     

收入不平等和经济危机:战略与政策——第四届亚欧劳工国际论坛综述

长期主导全球经济的新自由主义经济模式导致了2008年以来的经济危机,使收入不平等分化更加严重,加剧了社会不同群体之间的对立,影响了国家凝聚力和社会信心,破坏了社会稳定与安宁.解决收入不平等加剧,对策上要制定收入增长战略,改革收入分配,促进经济持续的包容性增长；政策上要改革税收制度、建立社会保障制度、实行最低工资标准、加强劳动力市场监管、减少非正规就业等.各国工会积极采取各种措施应对收入不平等的加剧,切实保护工人权益.     

代表理论与代表组成结构问题分析

代表理论的核心问题是在代表和选民之间建立一种制度约束和激励机制,保证民主选举的真正有效与民主政治的正常运行。本文认为"代表组成结构"充分体现了民主选举的优越性,将之作为选举前分配名额比例和选举中提出确定候选人名单的依据,并没有一种坚实的代表理论作为支撑。实践证明,千方百计落实事先设计的代表结构比例,反而会牺牲民主选举的真实性。应该以代表理论反思我国选举制度运行过程中出现的弊端,改进与完善人大代表的选举,使得我国人民代表大会制度有一个健康的发展。